War and battles were another underlying principle of the Sioux people because, through it, men gained prestige, and their prestige was reflected in the family honor. Sometimes called the Tetons referring to their dialect and location west of the Dakota on the plains the seven tribes include:. This band was found in the upper Mississippi Region in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
The Lakota were located in and around present-day Minnesota when Europeans began to explore and settle the land in the s. Living on small game, deer, and wild rice, they were surrounded by large rival tribes.
Conflict with their enemy, the Ojibwa eventually forced the Lakota to move west. By the s, the Lakota had acquired horses and flourished hunting buffalo on the high plains of Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, and as far north as Canada. The Tetons, the largest of the Lakota tribes dominated the region. As white settlers continued to push west onto Sioux lands and multiple treaties were made and broken, the Sioux retaliated, resulting in three major wars and numerous other battles and skirmishes.
The first major clash occurred in near Fort Laramie , Wyoming, when 19 U. In retaliation, in U. The treaty, however, was not honored by the United States; gold prospectors and miners flooded the region in the s. After that battle, the Sioux separated into their various groups. The massacre by U. It was from the Dakota, that the Lakota stemmed, moving further west into the great plains. Major Sioux Battles, map courtesy the History Channel.
Fort Laramie , Wyoming : Site of Treaty of Battle of Little Bighorn , Montana , In the 19th century, the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, in order to force the tribes onto reservations. As the buffalo quickly came almost extinct, both the Dakota and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands. Domestic cattle and corn were given to the Sioux in exchange for buffalo, making the Sioux dependent upon the government for food and payments guaranteed by the treaty.
Nebraska Press. New Mexico Press. Oklahoma Press. God is Red , Vine Deloria, Jr. Hardcover Skins , Adrian Louis , Crown. From the arrival of the Americans with the Pike expedition to the upper Mississippi in , uneasiness characterized relations for much of the next decades. While the French had been acculturated as kinsmen, the English replaced these roles imperfectly; and when the Americans arrived, they did not grasp the importance of reciprocity for the Dakota.
Treaties of friendship and trade gave way to extorted land cessions; the American appetite for land and resources was never satiated. By the s the Dakota were left with reservations upon which they were allowed to reside only at the discretion of the President of the United States.
This dependency left them vulnerable and periodically destitute. Minnesota became a territory in and a state in , surrounding them and filling up their former lands. While less circumscribed, the Lakota and Yankton-Yanktonai participated in the Fort Laramie Treaty that began a process of fixing the boundaries of tribal territorial domains, with pledges of annuities for cessation of intertribal warfare.
However, as the United States drifted toward civil war, promises to Indians were all but forgotten amidst the graft and corruption in the Indian service.
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